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Билеты для сдачи кандидатского минимума по английскому языку аспирантам специальностей правовед, бухгалтер, экономист, философ
(Скачать оригинал реферата)аспирантура (канд. экз.) Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине английский язык (специальность: социология управления) БИЛЕТ №1 Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes It is often pointed out that the social sciences are "inexact" sciences, as compared with the "exact" physical sciences. It is also sometimes indicated that management is perhaps the most inexact of the social sciences. It is true that the social sciences, and management in particular, deal with complex phenomena about which too little is known. It is true, likewise, that the structure and behavior of the atom are far less complex than the structure and behavior of groups of people, including both those inside and those outside an enterprise. But we should not forget that even in the most exact of the exact sciences - physiсs - there are areas where scientific knowledge does not exist now and must be developed through speculation and hypothesis. As much as is known of bridge mechanics, bridges still fail as a result of such things as vibrations set up from wind currents. And as we move from the longer-known areas of physics into the biological sciences, we mind that areas of exactness tend to diminish. Since virtually all areas of knowledge have tremendous expanses of the unknown, people working in the social sciences should not be defeatist. A scientific approach to management cannot wait until an exact science of management is developed. Had the physical and biological sciences thus waited, we might be living in caves. Progress and Problems. Great progress has been made in industry, science and medicine. Widespread mechanization, the introduction of completely automated lines and computerized management are advancing in every sphere of our economy. New remote areas in the North, beyond the Polar Circle, in the Far East and Siberia are being opened up and developed. To tap their huge natural resources, pipelines and electric power stations, new railroads and highways are being built. The vast territory beyond the Urals produces most of the oil, gas, coal and minerals extracted in Russia. From the deposits in Western Siberia, oil and gas are piped to the European part of the country and, even farther, to countries of Eastern and Western Europe. Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes Dear Mr. Minister: It was a pleasure to meet you during our recent visit to Moscow. I was encouraged with the discussion and look forward to moving ahead to assist small- and medium-sized businesses in Russia. Mr. Paul Tumminia, Ex-Im Bank Director-Russia and NIS, will be in contact with you as to our future plans on this matter. Please do let us know if you are planning to be in the U.S. Sincerely, phone (202) 565-3500 fax (202) 565-3513 811 vermont avenue, N.W. washington, D.C. 20571 Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis аспирантура (канд. экз.) Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине английский язык (специальность: социология управления) БИЛЕТ №2 Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes Perhaps the most prominent single element in modern scientific management is the task idea. The work of every workman is fully planned out by the management at least one day in advance, and each man receives in most cases complete written instructions, describing in detail the task which he is to accomplish, as well as the means to be used in doing the work. And the work planned in advance in this way constitutes a task which is to be solved, as explained above, not by the workman alone, but in almost all cases by the joint effort of the workman and the management. This task specifies not only what is to be done but how it is to be done and the exact time allowed for doing it. And whenever the workman succeeds in doing his task right, and within the time limit specified, he receives an addition of from 30 per cent to 100 per cent to his огdinary wages. These tasks are carefully planned, so that both good and careful work are called for in their performance, but it should be distinctly understood that in no case is the workman called upon to work at a place which would be injurious to his health. The task is always so regulated that the man who is well suited to his job will thrive while working at this rate during a long term of years and grow happier and more prosperous, instead of being overworked. Scientific management consists very largely in preparing for and carrying out these tasks. It cannot be denied, however, that the price for rapid industrial development is very high: natural resources are exhausted, the ecological balance of the planet is disturbed, some species of flora and fauna disappear. Progress can be blamed for all these environmental problems. To preserve Nature and keep the air and water clean, strict control is necessary. In Russia numerous purifying systems for treatment of industrial wastes have been installed; measures have been taken to protect rivers and seas from oil wastes. Wildlife reservations, models of undisturbed nature, have developed all over the country. Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes athens travel service 2-4 Alopekis sir., 10675 Alhens Tel: 00301-33 3 5254*Fax:00301-333 5256 Date: 07/08/00 To: Mr A.Egorov From: C.Vakali Ref: Eommex group 20/8-03/9/00 With reference to the above group, we would like to inform you with the following. SCHEDULE OA 352 20/8 Moscow-Athens 1450-1725 OA 351 03/9 Athens-Moscow 0930-1355 You are kindly requested not to issue tickets for those not travelling. All issued unused tickets must be delivered to our representative at the airport otherwise you will be charged. Upon your arrival at the Athens airport you will be met bv our representative, holding a sign: EOMMEX ATHENS TRAVEL SERVICE We would like to know which person will be in charge as head of the group during their stay in Greece. The group will stay at the Training Center of the National Bank. Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis аспирантура (канд. экз.) Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине английский язык (специальность: социология управления) БИЛЕТ №3 Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes Perhaps the most important law belonging to this class, in its relation to scientific management, is the effect which the task idea has upon the efficiency of the workman. This, in fact, has become such an important element of the mechanism of scientific management, that by a great number of people scientific management has come to be known as "task management". There is absolutely nothing new in the task idea. Each one of us will remember that in his own case this idea was applied with good results in his school-boy days. No efficient teacher would think of giving a class of students an indefinite lesson to learn. Each day a definite, clear-cut task is set by the teacher before each scholar, stating that he must learn just so much of the subject; and it is only by this means that proper, systematic progress can be made by the students. The average boy would go very slowly if, instead of being given a task, he were told to do as much as he could. All of us are grown-up children, and it is equally true that the average workman will work with the greatest satisfaction, both to himself and to his employer, when he is given each day a definite task which he is to perform in a given time, and which constitutes a proper day's work for a good workman. This furnishes the workman with a clear-cut standard, by which he can throughout the day measure his own progress, and the accomplishment of which affords him the greatest satisfaction. What Is a Manager? A number of different terms are used for «manager», including «director», «administrator» and «president». The term «manager» is used more frequently in profit-making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations such as universities, hospitals and social work agencies. What, then, is a manager? When used collectively, the term "management" refers to those people who are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within the system. An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization. Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes February 25, 2000 VIA FEDEX Mr. Alexander Ivanov President MICEX Moscow RUSSIA Dear Mr. Zakharov: Please find enclosed the proposed Joint Statement on Technical Assistance which I received yesterday from the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission ("CFTC"). We understand that your office will undertake to forward this document to Chairman Parkov. If the Russian finds the proposal acceptable, we should notify Ms. Corcoran of that fact. We look forward to your future communications on this matter. Best regards. Sincerely yours, Jeffrey A. Burt Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis аспирантура (канд. экз.) Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине английский язык (специальность: социология управления) БИЛЕТ №4 Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes No workman has the authority to make other men cooperate with him to do faster work. It is only through enforced standardization of methods, enforced adoption of the best implements and working conditions, and enforced cooperation that this faster work can be assured. And the duty of enforcing the adoption of standards and of enforcing this cooperation rests with the management alone. The management must supply continually one or more teachers to show each new man the new and simpler motions, and the slower men must be constantly watched and helped until they have risen to their proper speed. All of those who, after proper teaching, either will not or cannot work in accordance with the new methods and at the higher speed must be discharged by the management. The management must also recognize the broad fact that workmen will not submit to this more rigid standardization and will not work extra hard, unless they receive extra pay for doing it. The science which exists in most of the mechanic arts is, however, far simpler than the science of cutting metals. In almost all cases, in fact, the laws or rules which are developed are so simple that the average man would hardly dignify them with the name of a science. In problems of market selection and product planning one of the key concepts is that of the Product Life Cycle. That products pass through various stages between life and death (introduction - growth - maturity - decline) is hard to deny. Equally accepted is the understanding that a company should have a mix of products with representation in each of these stages. Companies can make far more effective marketing decisions if they take time to find out where each of their products stands in its life cycle. However, the concept of the product life cycle seems frequently forgotten in marketing planning, which leads to wrong decision-making. This may well be seen in the following story. Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes H.E. Mr. Gennady Bogachev Deputy Director Dear Mr. Bogachev, I want to thank you for your participation in the Political and Economic Leaders Summit of 7-8 February, in Thessaloniki, in the frame of ASIA FORUM 2000. You will soon receive a short report with the conclusions. We proceed also to the publication of the Proceedings. We have started the preparations for the Business Meeting and Exhibition of 23-28 May. We hope to have your support in motivating enterprises and businessmen to participate in the event. We shall ask your active involvement in the May event very soon. Thanking you once again, I remain Sincerely yours Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis аспирантура (канд. экз.) Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине английский язык (специальность: социология управления) БИЛЕТ №5 Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes Managers tend to be problem oriented. Managers need a great deal of knowledge. Yet managers are really people of action. They don't just talk about doing things, they get them done. So we now outline just what they do. Management books usually concentrate on management functions and processes. In fact, the subject of management frequently is defined in terms of the types of things managers do. 1. Managers make decisions, that is they develop a process by which a course of action is consciously chosen from available alternatives for the purpose of achieving a desired result. 2. Managers focus on objectives, set objectives. 3. Managers plan and set or make policies. 4. Managers organize and staff the positions, that is, they use a process by which the structure and allocation of jobs is determined and then place people in these jobs. 5. Managers communicate with subordinates, colleagues, and superiors, in other words, managers transmit ideas to others for the purpose of effecting a desired result. 6. Managers direct and supervise, that is, they secure actual performance from subordinates toward common goals and objectives. 7. Managers control activities, that is, they utilize processes that measure actual performance and guide it toward some predetermined goal. Marketing management refers to a broad concept covering organization of production and sales of products, which is based on consumer - requirements research. All companies must look beyond their present situation and develop a long-term strategy to meet changing conditions in their industry. Marketing management, therefore, consists of evaluating market opportunities, selecting markets, developing market strategies, planning marketing tactics and controlling marketing results. Strategic planning includes defining the company's long-term as well as specific objectives, such as sales volume, market share, profitability and innovation, and deciding on financial, material and other resources necessary to achieve those objectives. Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes Der President 10965 BERLIN des Bundeskartellamtes 18 December 1998 Minister Gennadiy Khodirev Dear Minister, I am writing today to invite you to our 9th International Conference on Competition, which will be held on 10 and 11 May 1999 at the Hotel Intercontinental Berlin, the venue of our last conference. The subject of the 9th International Conference on Competition is: Mega-mergers – I would be very pleased to welcome you to Berlin as a participant at our 9th International Conference on Competition. As in previous conferences, a simultaneous translation will be in German, English and French. Yours sincerely, Wolf Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis аспирантура (канд. экз.) Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине английский язык (специальность: социология управления) БИЛЕТ №6 Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes The concepts of "management" and "managers" are often viewed upon, to a great extent, as synonymous. Management presupposes the people at the top who direct the work of others, do their work by getting other people to do theirs. Management is an organ, and organs can be described and defined only through their function. Management is the specific organ of the business enterprise. The enterprise can decide, act and behave only as its managers do; by itself the enterprise has no effective existence. Any business enterprise must have a management to be alive and functioning. Ever since people began forming groups to accomplish goals they could not achieve as individuals, managing has been essential to assure the coordination of individual efforts. As society has come to rely increasingly on group effort and as many organized groups have become large, the task of managers has risen in importance. This is easy to understand, that it is the task of every manager to design and maintain an environment in which people working together in groups are led to perform effectively and efficiently toward the attainment of group goals. To study managers is to study how they perform their task - and to summarizе knowledge useful for understanding managing so that this job may be done better. Talented people flock to the organization and aren't tempted to leave. Self-regulation has a trickle-down effect. No one wants to be known as a hothead when the boss is known for her calm approach. Fewer bad moods at the top mean fewer throughout the organization. The signs of emotional self-regulation, therefore, are not hard to miss: a propensity for reflection and thoughtfulness; comfort with ambiguity and change; and integrity—an ability to say no to impulsive urges. The third component of emotional intelligence is motivation, one trait that virtually all effective leaders have. They are driven to achieve beyond expectations—their own and everyone else's. The key word here is achieve. Those with leadership potential are motivated by a deeply embedded desire to achieve for the sake of achievement. Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes Dear Mr. Minister: It was a pleasure to meet you during our recent visit to Moscow. I was encouraged with the discussion and look forward to moving ahead to assist small- and medium-sized businesses in Russia. Mr. Paul Tumminia, Ex-Im Bank Director-Russia and NIS, will be in contact with you as to our future plans on this matter. Please do let us know if you are planning to be in the U.S. Sincerely. Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis аспирантура (канд. экз.) Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине английский язык (специальность: социология управления) БИЛЕТ №7 Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes Thus the goal of managers, as managers, is fundamentally the same in business and non-business enterprises. It is also the same at every level. The corporation president, the city administrator, the hospital department head, the government first—line supervisor, and the university president or dean, all, as managers, have the same goals. The purposes of their enterprise or their department may vary, and these purposes may be more difficult to define in one situation than in another, but their basic managerial goal remains the same. Not all groups believe that they need managing. As a matter of fact, certain critics of modern management feel that people would work together better and with more personal satisfaction if there were no managers. They prefer to refer to the ideal group operation as a "team" effort. They apparently do not realize that in the most rudimentary form of team play, individuals, playing a game, have clear group goals as well as personal ones, are assigned to positions, follow-play patterns, allow someone to call the plays, and follow certain rules and guidelines. Indeed, a characteristic of every effective group effort, designed to attain group goals at the least cost of time, money, material, or discomfort is that it adopts the basic process, principles, and techniques of management. Social skill, the last component, is not as simple as it sounds. It's nor merely friendliness, although people with social skill are rarely mean- spirited. Rather, social skill is friendliness with a purpose: moving people in the direction you desire, whether that's agreement on a new marketing strategy or enthusiasm about a new product. Socially skilled people tend to have a wide circle of acquaintances, and they have a knack for finding common ground with people of all kinds—a knack for building rapport. That doesn't mean they socialize continually; it means they work according to the assumption the nothing important gets done alone. Such people have a network in place when the time for action comes. Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes INTERNATIONAL & PUBLIC RELATIONS DEPT. Athens, 29 December 1999 Mr. Alexey PROKOFIEV Vice Minister Subject: EOMMEX's data base Dear Sir, The Hellenic Organization of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and Handicraft (EOMMEX) is the Public Body supporting the SME's in Greece supervised by the Ministry of Development. EOMMEX, is trying to enrich it's data base with all the existing nformation, in order to help the Greek SME's develop transnational co- operations. Therefore, we would very much appreciate if you would send us all the available information concerning the following topics : 1. The existing legislation on foreign investment. 2. The incentives that could attract foreign investments (e.g. current tax system e.t.c.). We would like to thank you in advance for your kind co-operation. Sincerely yours, Kl. Stavrakakis Director Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis аспирантура (канд. экз.) Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине английский язык (специальность: социология управления) БИЛЕТ №8 Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes Managing is essential in all organized cooperation, as well as at all levels of organization in an enterprise. It is the function not only of the corporation president and the army general but also of the shop supervisor and the company commander. In working with many enterprises and organizations, one can hear it said repeatedly that the "trouble" with the enterprise is the "management", meaning persons at a higher level in the organization. Even vice-presidents of a company have made this observation. While weaknesses and difficulties may appear at any level of management, effective and perceptive management demands that all those responsible for the work of others, at all levels and in any type of enterprise, regard themselves as managers. There is no basic distinction between managers and executives, administrators, or supervisors. To be sure, a given situation may differ considerably between various levels in an organization or various types of enterprise, the scope of authority held may vary, the types of problems dealt with may be considerably different, and a person in a managerial role may also be a salesman, engineer, or financier but the fact remains that, as managers, all who obtain results by establishing an environment for effective group endeavor undertake the same functions. Some basic characteristics seem to apply to managers in all types of organizations; they include hard work on a variety of activities, preference for active tasks, direct personal relationships. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists. In decision-making there is always some uncertainty and risk. Managing is a hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it. The engineer can finish a design on a particular day, and the lawyer can win or lose a case at a certain time. But the manager's job is like «Old Man River» — it just keeps going. Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes To: Mr Joe Smith Director General Fair Trade Commission USA Re: New Informational and Communication Technologies. Review and Perspectives 20 August 1999 Dear Mr Smith We have the pleasure to invite you to participate in the International Conference " New Informational and Communication Technologies. Review and Perspectives". This high-level International Conference will take place in London, 8-9 November 1999. It will host participants from competition authorities representing foreign and international organizations, governmental, academic and business circles. The working languages of the Conference are English and French. We would highly appreciate your participation in this event. For further details please contact Ms Johnston (tel.: 456 899 01) William Brandt, Minister Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis аспирантура (канд. экз.) Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине английский язык (специальность: социология управления) БИЛЕТ №9 Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes MANAGERS AND MANAGEMENT Every activity involving human effort possesses an element which to some degree bгings unity and cohesiveness to the undertaking. We call this element management. The manager, in contrast to management, is an individual who provides the appropriate environment conducive to the performance of acts by others to accomplish the undertaking. In the case of a unilateral undertaking, management is self – contained and the manager is involved with self- management. When two or more individuals are engaged in a joint endeavor, however, management is no longer self-contained, and providing unity and cohesiveness to the undertaking is an external (versus self-contained) managerial function that varies widely in complexity. A manager in a simple situation may be little more than a receiver, storer, translator, and communicator of information pertinent to the effective performance of the undertaking. This receiving storing-translating, nevertheless effects the cohesiveness desired and as such, causes the communicator to be known as a manager. Many managerial undertakings, on the other hand, are rather complex and require more than mere communication, a basic knowledge and understanding of perhaps the technical aspects of an operation may be needed and the act of managing may also involve a more complex decision-making process. I have found, however, that the most effective leaders are alike in one crucial way. They all have a high degree of what has come to be known as emotional intelligence. It's not that IQ and technical skills are irrelevant. They do matter, but mainly as "threshold capabilities"; that is, they are the entry-level requirements for executive positions. But my research, along with other recent studies, clearly shows that emotional intelligence is the sine qua non of leadership. Without it, a person can have the best training in the world, an incisive, analytical mind and an endless supply or smart ideas, but he or she still won't make a great leader. Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes To: Ms Rodoula Ath. ZICCI Deputy Minister of National Economy 28 January 2000 Dear Ms Zicci Herewith I am glad to write in accordance with my forthcoming visit to Greece as a participant to ASIA FORUM 2000 which is to be held in Thesalloniki on 7-8 February. I was a great pleasure to meet you during my visit to Athens in July. Taking the chance of going to Greece I would greatly appreciate if you could find a few minutes in your dense business schedule and meet me and discuss the issues of mutual interest. Thank you in advance for your kind cooperation and assistance. Looking forward to meeting you, I remain Sincerely yours Gennady Bogachev Deputy Minister Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis аспирантура (канд. экз.) Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине английский язык (специальность: социология управления) БИЛЕТ №10 Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes Under scientific management the "initiative" of the workmen (that is, their hard work, their good-will, and their ingenuity) is obtained with absolute uniformity and to a greater extent than is possible under the old system; and in addition to this improvement an the part of the men, the managers assume new burdens, new duties, and responsibilities never dreamed of in the past. The managers assume, for instance, the burden of gathering together all of the traditional knowledge which in the past has been possessed by the workmen and then classifying, tabulating, and reducing this knowledge to rules, laws, and formulae which are immensely helpful to the workmen in doing their daily work. In addition to developing a science in this way, the management take on three types of duties which involve new and heavy burdens for themselves. These new duties are grouped under four heads: First. They develop a science for each element of a man's work, which replaces the old rule-of-thumb method. Second. They scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the workman, whereas in the past he chose his own work and trained himself as best as he could. Third. They heartily cooperate with the men so as to insure all of the work being done in accordance with the principles of the science which has been developed. Fourth. There is an almost equal division of the work and the responsibility between the management and the workmen. The management take over all work for which they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the past almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men. Every business person knows a story about a highly intelligent, highly skilled executive who was promoted into a leadership position only to fail at the job. And they also know a story about someone with solid — but nor extraordinary — intellectual abilities and technical skills who was promoted into a similar position and then soared. Such anecdotes support the widespread belief that identifying individuals with the "right stuff" to be leaders is more art than science. After all, the personal styles of superb leaders vary. And just as important, different situations call for different types of leadership. Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes Dear Mr. Minister: It was a pleasure to meet you during our recent visit to Moscow. I was encouraged with the discussion and look forward to moving ahead to assist small- and medium-sized businesses in Russia. Mr. Paul Tumminia, Ex-Im Bank Director-Russia and NIS, will be in contact with you as to our future plans on this matter. Please do let us know if you are planning to be in the U.S. Sincerely, phone (202) 565-3500 fax (202) 565-3513 811 vermont avenue, N.W. washington, D.C. 20571 Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis
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