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Теоретическая грамматика английского языка
1Communicative types of s-ces 3 cardinal s-ce types:declarative, imperative,interrogative.Dec-ve expr-s a statement(affir-ve/neg) Im-ve - inducement(aff/neg),- request/command. Int-ve - request for infor-n. Ch.Fries: classed them acc-g to responses they elict. In this system utter-ce is chosen as a universal speech unit. 1)situation ut-s2) response ut-s. 1)were dividedinto 3 groups: a)ut followed by oral responses (greetings, calls,questions. hello! dad!) b)ut-s eliciting action res-s (requests/commands). c)ut-s eliciting conventional signals of attention to continuous discours(statements). Also exist non-commun-ve ut-s (charact-c of surprise,anger, pain-Oh!,Darn!). Another type is recognized-exclamatory s-ce. |1 Each of cardinal com-ve s-ces can be repres-ed in 2 variants: excl-ry/non-exc. What a nice dog! It's a very nice dog.Then why in God's name did you come ?Why did you come?In the light of of theory of actual division: each comm-ve type is distin-ed by spec. act-al div-n features,which are revealed in the nature of rheme. Dec-ve s-s espr-s certain proposition.Rheme makes up centre os statement-the next instant she had recogn-ed him.- rheme. Imp-ve s-s exp-s an urge to do smth/not to do. Rheme exp-s inform-ve nucleus of inducement. Its thematic subject is zeroed. Don't try to sidetrack me! Inter-ve s-s expr-s inquiry about inf-n.Rheme is informat-ly opened. Purely excl-ry s-s -interjectional exlamations (Good Lord!) | | |2The simple s-ce |2 parts and | |and its parts |expended s. | |This is s-ce in |s-s( mopr. | |which only 1 pred|s. which | | |includes oblig.| |-ve line is |parts+ | |expr-ed. The |optional parts,| |nominative |suplementive | |parts are subj, |mod-iers which | |pred-te,obj,adver|don't | |bial, |constituate | |attr-te,parenthet|pred-ve | |ical enclosure, |enlargement of | |adressing |the s-ce. | |enc-re,interjecti|The tall trees | |onal enc-re. |by the island | |The parts are |shore were | |arranged in |shaking | |hierarchy, |violently in | |all perfom |the gusty | |modifying roles. |wind.-exp-ed. | |Subj- |Acc-g to | |person-modifier |presence of | |of subj-person. |both members | |Obj-substance-mod|s-s | |-ierof a processu|are classed | | |into | |al part.Adve-l, |2-member/1m. | |attr-te are |1-axis | |quality |constructions(w| |mod-iers,pareth |ho will | |enc-speaker |meet | |bound |us?-Mary).Free | |mod-er,adr-g |1-axis s-s - | |enc-re-mod-er |elliptical. | |of |Reflecting the | |destination,inter|cat-es of | |j. enc-speaker |Subj:s-s are | |bound emotional |divided into | |mod. The idea |personal/im# | |of verbal |Pred-te:s-sare | |valency-principle|div-ed into | |of |process | |dividing s-ce |featuring(verba| |parts into |l) and | |obligatory |substance # | |and optional.We |Subj-obj | |disting-sh |rel-s:s-s are | |between |subjective(J | |unexpanded simple|lives in | | |London) | |s-s(monopredic-ve|/objective(J | |s-s formed |reads a book | |only by oblig-ry |and | |notional |neutral(John | | |reads). | | | | |3The concept of |11 elementsthat| |Parad-tic Syntax |relate given s | |In contemprorary |to 1 that | |ling-cs paradig-c|precedes it and| | |semantically | |approach provides|complete. On | |theoretical |basis of | |ground |funct-l nature | |for treating the |of connc-rs | |s-ce as a |cumulation is | |meaningful |divided into | |linqual unit |1)conjunctive(t| |existing in a |hen, | |pattern form. |moreover,conseq| |Paradigma-cs |uently,hence, | |finds its |besides) | |essential expr-n |2)correlative | |in system of |a)substitutiona| |oppositions. |l | |Syntactic |connection(Mary| |opp-ns are |woke me. She | |realized |said..) | |correlated s-ce |b)representativ| |patterns the |eI went home. | |observable |She accepted my| |relations |departure | |between which can|indifferantly. | |be described by |Elementary | |transformations, |unit-segment of| |as transitions |text | |from 1 |Can be built by| |pattern of |a cumeleme or a| |certain notional |single s. This | |parts to |unit is called | |another pattern.|dicteme. In | |So some patterns |written sp it’s| | |pes-d by | |should be |paragraph. P-s | |approached as |are conn-ed | |base patterns |within frame | |and others as |work of larger | |their transforms.|elements of | |Question |text.P | |is is produced |groupings | |from statement, |compose | |negation |chapters of | |from affirmation.|other | | |compositional | | |divisions. | | | | | | | |4The Kernel |4 Procedures of| |Sentence |derivation: | |The initial basic|1)morphological| |element of |arrangement | |syntactic |(morph.changes | |derivation,unit |expressing synt| |serving | | |as sen-ce-root |actically | |and providing |relevant | |objective ground |categories: | |for identifying |tense, | |syntactic |aspect,voice)Jo| |categorial |hn+start= | |oppositions. |J | |The pattern of |starts.2)usesof| |KS. is |functional | |interpreted |words | |as forming the |he understood | |base of paradig-c|me-he seemed | | |to# | |derivation. |3)substitution | |Derivation isn't |The boys | |change |played- | |1 s into another.|they | |It's production |played.4)Deleti| |of more complex |on Would | |pattern const-s |you like a cup | |out of kernel |of tea?-a cup | |pattern const-s |of tea? | |as |5)intonational | |their structural |arrag-t we must| |bases. I saw him |go- we must | | |go?6)positional| |come=I saw him+he|arr-nt the man | |came. |is here Is the | |K.S. is an |man here? | |elementary s-ce | | |which | | |is | | |non-inter-ve,non-| | |imper-ve, | | |non-negative,non-| | |modal. | | |5Syntactic |5 Nominal | |Nominalization |phrases are | |Kernel s-s expand|produced by the| |base s-s undergo |process of | |derivation |nominalization.| |changes into |It may be | |clauses and |complete(consis| |phrases.Transform|ting in | |ation of base s |completely | |into |depriving the s| |clause-clausaliza|of its | |tion.By way |predic-ve | |of it s is |aspect) | |charged into |or | |subordinate or |partial(Partly | |coordinate |depriving of | |clausein the |it). | |process of |Partial nom-n | |subordinative or |produces | |coordinative com |infinitive and | |bination of |gerundial | |s-s.This |phrases. The | |procedure |resulting | |includes |constr-s | |use of |produced by | |conjunctive |application of | |words.They |these | |arrived+ |procedures in | |I was relieved of|the process of | |my fears=When |derivational | |they |combination of | |arrieved I |base s-s will | |was...Transformat|be both simple | |ion of |expanded s-s(in| |base s into a |case of | |phrase-phrasaliza|complete nom-n_| |tion. |and | |By it s is |semi-composite | |tras-ed into a |s-s(in case | |semi-predic-ve |of partial | |construction or a|nom-n). | |nominal phrase. | | |6Syntactic |6 syntactic | |Paradigm of |categ-l oppos-s| |predi-ve Func-s|are the | | |following: | |As a part of |1)?opposed to | |predi-ve system|statement2)nega| |kernel s-s |tion to | |undergo such |aff-n3)induceme| |structural |nt to statement| |modifications | | |as |4)unreality to | |immediately |reality5)probab| |express the |ility to fact | |pred-ve |6)modal | |functions of a |identity to | |s-ce, fun-s |fact7)modal | |relating |subject- | |nominative |action | |meanings |relations to | |of the s to |fact8)special | |reality. |actual subject | |Pred-ve func-s |action to | |are |fact9)phase of | |divided into |action | |1)lower |to fact | |fun-s(include |10)passive | |expre |action to | |ssion of |active | |morph-l categ-s|11)specialized | |as tenses |actual division| |and aspects) |to non- | |2)higher |specialized#12)| |fun-s(evaluativ|emotiveness to | |e |un#. | |.express | | |functional | | |semantics of | | |relati | | |ng the | | |nominative | | |content of s to| | |reality) | | |The principle | | |pred-ve fun-s | | |expr-ed by | | |7Composite s, |7 are classed | |structure,deriv|into compound | |ation |s-s | |Is formed by 2 |(coord-ing | |or more |their clauses) | |predi-ve lines |and | |Expr-ses a |complex | |complicated act|(subord-ing#). | |of thought |Cumulation | |Each pred-ve |-kind of | |unit in a comp |syntactic | |s makes |connection | |up a clause in |placing the | |it.The use of |sequential | |comp s-s |clause in a | |is s a special |sintactically | |char-c of |detached | |written speech.|positin.-He was| | |sent for,as I | |Comp s display |have | |2 types of |told you,very | |construc |suddenly this | |tions:hypotaxis|morning. | |(subordination)|There exist | |and |constr-ns where| |parataxis(coord|1 pred-ve | |ination).Sub-n |line is | |and |combined with | |coord-n are |another 1, the | |main types of |latter not | |connect |being expr-ed | |ion of clauses.|comletely. | |Sub-n-clauses |He ignored the | |are |question and | |arranged as |remained | |units of equal |silent. | |rank.Co-n- | | |as units of | | |unequal rank, | | |dominated | | |by the | | |other.The means| | |combining | | |clauses are | | |syndetic(conjun| | |cti-al) | | |/asyndetic(non-| | |#).Composite | | |s-s | | |8Complex |8 nominal.He | |sentence |knew what was | |Is a polyper-ve|right. | |constr-n built |b)qualification| |up |-nominal(give | |on the |char-c) | |principle of |The man who | |subordination. |came in the | |It's derived |morning | |from 1 or more |left a | |base |letter.c)adverb| |s-s 1 of which |ial (gives | |performs the |quality | |role of |of | |a matrix in |descriptios)Des| |relation to the|cribe it as you| |others, |see it. | |insert s-s.The |Connective | |matrix s |word: 1)those | |becomes |that | |principle |occupy notional| |clause,insert |position in the| |s-s-subor-te |der | |clauses.The |ived | |principle cl |cl-Positional | |dominates |subordinators: | |sub-te |conjunctive | |cl.Sub-te cl is|substitutes-who| |joined to |,what, | |prin-l |that,where,when| |cl by a |,why.2)non-pos-| |subordinator or|l | |asyndatically. |subord-rs-pure | |How do you know|conjunctions:si| |he left the |nce, | |room? |because,though,| |Classif-n of |however,than,as| |sub-te |if. | |cl-s:1)funct-l |All sub-te cl-s| |clas-n |are divided | |2)categorial |into 1)cl | |cla-n1)Sub cl |of primary | |are |nominal | |classed on the |positions | |analogy of the |(subject,pred-v| |posi |e,obj.cl-s).2)o| |tional parts of|f 2nd-ry | |simple s.2)are |nominal | |classed |positions(attri| |by their |butive)3)cl | |nominal prop-s |of adverbial | |irrespective |positions.(incl| |of their |ude cl | |positional |of | |relations in |time/place,mann| |the s. |er/comparison, | |From point of |of different | |v. of their |circums-al | |nomin-ve |semant-cs: | |features they |of | |sub cl are |condition,reaso| |divided into |n,result,cause,| |a)cl naming | | |event or |concession, | |fact-substantiv|,purpose. | |e | | |9Compound |9 | |sentence |into1)conjuncti| |Is a copposite |ons | |s built on |proper(and,but,| |principle | | |of |neither,nor,for| |coordination.Co|,either.and | |ord-n can be |semi- | |expr-ed |functional | |syndatically(by|clausal | |means of |connectors of | |connections) or|ad | |asyndatically.T|verbial | |he |character(then,| |main semantic |yet,so,thus, | |relations |nethertheless,h| |between cl-s |owever).Approac| |are |hed | |copulative,adve|from | |rsative,disjunc|semantico-synta| |tive |ctic point of | |causal,conseque|v. | |ntial,resultati|connection is | |ve. |analysed into 2| |Comp s is |types: | |derived from 2 |1)unmarked | |or more |coord-ve | |base s-s |connection | |connected on |2)marked #1)is | |the principle |realized by | |of coord-n |conj and | |syndet-lly or |and also | |asyn-ly. |asyndetically.2| |Base s-s lose |)is effected | |their independ |by pure and | |status |adverbial | |and become |coordinators | |coord-te cl-s, |(but,still,howe| |parts of |ver etc.). | |a composite | | |unity.1st cl is| | |leading, | | |successive cl-s| | |are sequential.| | | | | |Coordinative | | |connec-s are | | |divided | | |10 |10 approach | |Semi-composite |us.2)linear | |sentence |expansion | |Is a s with 1 |a)attributive | |or more pred-ve|complication I | |lines |came | |which are |late for | |expr-ed in |supper+supper | |fusion.1 of |was served | |these lines is |in the dining | |dominant, |room.b)adverbia| |others- |l | |make |complic-nWindow| |semi-pred-ve |s were closed | |expansion of |+ she didn't | |the s. |hear | |Semi-predi-ve |noise=windows | |line is either |being | |wholly fused |closed,she#.c)n| |with dominant |ominal- | |pred |phrase | |-ve line of |complicationTom| |construction or|'s com | |parti |ing late | |ally fused with|annoyed his | |it.Semi-composi|mother. | |te |S-compound s is| |s displays |built up on | |intermediary |principle of | |syntactic |coordination. | |character |composed of 2 | |between |base s-s having| |copmposite s | | |and simple |identical | |s.According to |element sharing| |ranking |it in | |structure of |coordinative | |semi-cop. s-s |fusion.By the | |there |number | |exist |of bases | |semi-complex |joined:1)2base2| |and s-comp |)multi-b | |ound. S-complex|The connection | |is built up on |types of 2) | | |are: | |principle of |a)syndetic | |subordination. |a1)homosyndatic| |It's |- | |derived from |You saw | |minimum 2 base |flash,then | |s-s |heard crack, | |(1matrix,1inser|then saw smoke.| |t).Subtypes: |a2)heterosyndet| |division based |ic- | |on char-r of |A woman came | |pred |and looked at | |fusion-1)effect|them, but | |ed by process |vanished when | |of |they | |positional |adressed her. | |sharing:a)subje|b)asyndetic | |ct |c)mixed | |sharing-The | | |moon rose+the | | |m was red=the | | |moon rose red. | | |b)object | | |sharing we asw | | |him+ | | |he approached | | |us=we saw him | | | | | | | | | | | |11 The |11 Called | |Syntactic |cumulative | |Structure of |sequence, a | |Text |cumuleme. | |S-s in |Formation of | |continual |2direct-n seq | |speech aren’t |is based on | |used in |sent-s being | |isolation.They’|positioned to | |re |meet each | |interconnected |other. | |both |Supra-segm. | |Semantically |Const-n | |and |-occurseme. | |syntactically. |Occ-me occupies| |S-s come under |place above | |broad |cum-me.Cum-me | |grammatical |is contrasted | |arraagement |by 2 or more | |They |s-s joined by | |May or may not|cumul-n. | |build coherent |Occ-me | |sequence, |contrasted by 2| |Depending on |or more cum-s. | |aim of speaker.|The | |Text can be |supro-proposemi| |interpreted as |c level is | |lingual enity |Divided | |with its 2 |into1)lower | |features: |level at which | |Semantic unity,| | |semantico-synta|Cumulemic | |ctic cohesion. |connection os | |Division of s |s-s are | |sequences in |identified, and| |speech is based|higher l at | |on |which | |communicative |occursemic #. | |direction of |S-s in | |their component|cumulative seq | | |Can be | |s-s.:1)monologu|connected | |e sequences |prospectively | |2)dialoque s |(prospective | |1)s-s are |connector | |directed from 1|signals | |speaker to his |continuation of| |listeners-1-dir|speech-I tell | |ection |you, 1 | |sequence. 2) |or 2 things | |s-s are |must happen). | |directed to |Or | |meet 1 another-|retrospectively| |2direction |(is effected by| |seq-s. |con-ve | |1direction | | |seq. Is based | | |on syntactic | | |cumulation of | | |s-s. So the | | |supra-segmental| | | | | |construction of| | |1 direction | | |commu-ve type | | |is | |